Methods and compositions to inhibit metastasis and to treat fibrosis and to enhance wound healing

ABSTRACT

Methods and compositions are provided for inhibiting or treating metastasis based on discoveries regarding Kif19 and Cep192. Methods and compositions are provided for enhancing wound healing, treating fibrosis, reducing scarring and treating nerve pain.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/023,869, filed Mar. 22, 2016, now allowed, U.S. national stage entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/055393, filed Sep. 12, 2014, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/885,676, filed Oct. 2, 2013, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference into the subject application.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant number W81XWH1210379 awarded by the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC) at the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC). The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The disclosures of all publications, patents, patent application publications and books referred to in this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into the subject application to more fully describe the art to which the subject invention pertains.

Cancer metastasis is stimulated by the movement of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other tissues or organs. Metastatic cancer is responsible for the majority of cancer deaths. There are currently no effective means of treating metastasis, so the development of agents that inhibit the ability of cancer cells to move along their substrata for treating or inhibiting metastasis would represent a major advance.

Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process. This results from the hyperproliferation and motility of cells, such as fibroblasts, that lay down connective tissue. Fibrosis can be a reactive, benign, or pathological state. In response to injury this is called scarring and if fibrosis arises from a single cell line this is called a fibroma. Physiologically this acts to deposit connective tissue, which can obliterate the architecture and function of the underlying organ or tissue. Fibrosis can be used to describe the pathological state of excess deposition of fibrous tissue, as well as the process of connective tissue deposition in healing. Fibrosis is similar to metastasis in that there are currently few therapeutic treatment strategies. The development of agents that prevent cell motility into wounded tissue would represent an important advance. Related to this, the development of safe and effective therapies for treating acute and chronic wounds is also of great interest. Wound healing is an intricate, multi-stage process that relies heavily on the delivery of new cells to the wound zone. Two key elements of the wound healing response are fibroplasia and epithelialization when fibroblasts and epithelial cells, respectively, enter the wound to form a protective barrier from the external environment. This is stimulated by cell proliferation and migration from the wound edge. The identification of agents that increase the rate at which cells invade and close a wound would represent a major advance in wound healing therapeutics. Ideally, this would be a topically applied agent that stimulates the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and wound edge epithelial cells.

The present invention addresses this need and identifies novel targets in treating and preventing metastasis, treating and preventing fibrosis, and treating and preventing pain associated with wound healing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer is provided comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product effective to treat metastasis or inhibit metastasis.

Also provided is a method of treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product effective to treat metastasis or inhibit metastasis.

Also provided is a method of treating fibrosis or scarring, or of inhibiting fibrosis or scarring, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product effective to treat fibrosis or scarring, or inhibit fibrosis or scarring.

Also provided is a method of treating fibrosis or scarring, or inhibiting fibrosis or scarring, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of Cep192 effective to treat fibrosis or scarring, or inhibit fibrosis or scarring.

Also provided is a method of treating pain associated with wound healing in a subject having a wound comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of Cep192 effective to treat pain associated with wound healing.

Also provided is an inhibitor of KIF19, or of Kif19 gene product is provided for treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer.

Also provided is an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is provided for treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer.

Also provided is an inhibitor of KIF19, or of Kif19 gene product, is provided for treating fibrosis or scarring in a subject in need thereof.

Also provided is an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product, is provided for treating fibrosis or scarring in a subject in need thereof.

Also provided is an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product, for treating pain associated with wound healing in a subject.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: A confocal micrograph showing a human U2OS cell double-labeled for Kif19 and the FA protein, vinculin. The far right panel is a higher magnification of the region boxed in “merge”.

FIG. 2: The images show regions of U2OS cells (human Osteosarcoma) immunostained for the focal adhesion protein vinculin. The depletion of Kif19 by siRNA induces a substantial increase in the size and number of focal adhesions particularly in the cell interior.

FIG. 3A-3C: Panel A shows fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of GFP-vinculin labeled focal adhesions from control and Kif19 siRNA-treated U2OS cells. Time is shown in minutes: seconds. Panel B shows a representative fluorescence recovery plot from each condition. Panel C plots the density of focal adhesions in untreated cells (pre) and at various time points after nocodazole washout. Repolymerization of MTs after nocodazole washout was previously shown to stimulate focal adhesion disassembly (Ezratty, Partridge et al. 2005). The depletion of Kif19 prevents the disassembly of focal adhesions after nocodazole washout.

FIG. 4: Shows siRNA depletion of Kif19 decreases the motility of cancer cells in vitro.

FIG. 5: Shows an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma mouse model (Arciuch et al., Oncotarget, December 2011). Dissociated tumor is removed from mouse and bathed in nanoparticles containing control or Kif19 siRNA for 2-24 hrs. Tumors are then embedded in matrigel and imaged daily. Movement of cells from tumor into matrigel is considered invasion. Black dots moving away from the dark central mass are invasive tumor cells. Kif19 nanoparticle siRNA treatment reduces tumor cell invasion relative to controls.

FIG. 6: Time-series of TIRF images showing a field of fluorescently-labeled taxol-stabilized microtubules incubated with purified recombinant full-length Kif19. The time from the first to last image is 5 minutes.

FIG. 7A-7F: Kif19 is a microtubule depolymerase that localizes to substrate adhesions and promotes cell motility. A) Time series images of a fluorescent microtubule incubated with purified recombinant Kif19. B) Immunofluorescence showing the co-localization of Kif19 with the focal adhesion protein, vinculin. C) High magnification image showing a region of a cell double-labeled for Kif19 and microtubules. Microtubules often terminate at kif19-labeled substrate adhesions and these interactions are believed to control adhesion turnover rate. D) Control and Kif19 siRNA treated human U2OS cells labeled for the focal adhesion marker, vinculin. In cells depleted of Kif19, adhesions become significantly enlarged and hyperstable. E) Measured rates of in vitro wound closure in control and Kif19 siRNA-treated cultures (scratch assay). F) Movement trajectories of control and Kif19 siRNA-treated cells plotted from a common origin. The loss of Kif19 nearly completely suppresses cell movement.

FIG. 8: Confocal micrographs showing control and Cep192 siRNA-treated U2OS cells immunolabeled for microtubules (red) and Cep192 (green). Cep192 siRNA treatment eliminates Cep192 immunofluorescence indicating a strong protein knockdown. Controls showed robust centrosomes with radial MT arrays while Cep192-depleted cells contained non-radial MT arrangements. Inset shows higher magnification of boxed region.

FIG. 9A-B: U2OS cells were treated with siRNA for 72 hours then exposed to 5 uM nocodazole for 1 hour to depolymerize microtubules. Cells were then washed 3× with warm DMEM and then incubated for 10 minutes to allow microtubule regrowth. Images show control and Cep192 siRNA treated cells stained for microtubules. B) Control cells showed a significantly higher amount of regrowth from the centrosome than did cells depleted of Cep192; P<0.0001. S.E.M. is depicted as vertical bars.

FIG. 10A-10D: A) Time-lapse phase-contrast images of control and Cep192 siRNA treated U2OS cells from an in vitro wound healing assay. U2OS cells were plated into Ibidi Culture-Insert dishes following knockdown. B) Significantly fewer Cep192 depleted cells entered the wound zone relative to controls. P<0.0001. S.E.M. is depicted as vertical bars. C) Time-lapse phase-contrast images of control and Cep192 siRNA-treated HEKa (human epidermal keratinoctyes—adult) cells from an in vitro wound healing assay. HEKa cells were plated into Ibidi Culture-Insert dishes following. D) Significantly fewer Cep192-depleted cells entered the wound zone relative to controls. P<0.0001. S.E.M. is depicted as vertical bars.

FIG. 11: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma invasion assay: a dissociated tumor is removed from mouse and bathed in nanoparticles for 2 hrs. (48 hours) (top Panels). The tumor is embedded in Matrigel/Collagen matrix and imaged daily (96 hours) (bottom panels).

FIG. 12: Human large cell lung tumors. SC injection of human H460 lung cancer cells into mice (top panels). Invasive tumors (1-2 cm) removed and bathed in nanoparticles for 2 hrs. (middle panels). Tumor embedded in Matrigel/Collagen matrix and imaged daily (bottom panels).

FIG. 13: Fidgetin and Cep192 regulate axon regeneration. Images are immunofluorescence micrographs of primary adult rat DRG neurons treated with control, Fidgetin or Cep192 nanoparticle encapsulated siRNA. Cells were fixed 24 hours after plating and siRNA treatment. Bottom right panel shows the average axon length in each condition (longest process from each individual cell was measured; error bars are SEM). ***P<0.01; **P<0.05.

FIG. 14: Angiogenesis of fetal hearts 48 hours after treatment—Images show representative control and Cep192 siRNA treated hearts two days after siRNA treatment. In the control, migrating endocaridal cells have penetrated the ventricular wall and formed a fine vascular network. By contrast, Cep192 siRNA treated hearts have no apparent vessels at this same time point. Thus, the depletion of Cep192 dramatically inhibits the angiogenic process by the endocardial cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A method of treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer is provided comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product effective to treat metastasis or inhibit metastasis.

As used herein, “treating” metastasis means ameliorating or lessening or reducing further progression of an extant metastasis. As used herein, “inhibiting” metastasis means lessening the extent of, development of, or progression of a new metastasis.

In embodiments of the invention described herein where both treating and inhibting a condition are recited, the individual embodiments of treating and inhibiting are also encompassed separately. Thus, methods of treating are provided. And methods of inhibiting are also separately provided.

In an embodiment, the preferred subject is a human subject.

In embodiments of the invention described herein, the preferred subject is a human subject.

Also provided is a method of treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product effective to treat metastasis or inhibit metastasis.

Also provided is a method of treating fibrosis or scarring, or of inhibiting fibrosis or scarring, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product effective to treat fibrosis or scarring, or inhibit fibrosis or scarring. As used herein, “treating” a fibrosis means ameliorating or lessening or reducing further progression of an extant fibrosis. As used herein, “inhibiting” fibrosis means lessening the extent of, development of, or progression of a fibrosis. As used herein, “treating” scarring means ameliorating or lessening or reducing further progression of an extant scarring or scarring process. As used herein, “inhibiting” scarring means lessening the extent of, development of, or progression of a scarring or scarring process.

As used herein, any recitation of embodiments in the alternative, e.g. embodiment A or embodiment B, includes the specific, separate embodiments of (i) embodiment A and (ii) of embodiment B, as part of the invention.

Also provided is a method of treating fibrosis or scarring, or inhibiting fibrosis or scarring, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of an inhibitor of Cep192 gene product effective to treat fibrosis or scarring, or inhibit fibrosis or scarring.

Also provided is a method of treating pain associated with wound healing in a subject having a wound comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of an inhibitor of Cep192 gene product effective to treat pain associated with wound healing. As used herein, “treating” pain associated with wound healing means ameliorating or lessening or reducing pain associated with an extant wound.

In an embodiment of the methods, the KIF19 or Kif19 gene product is a human KIF19 or human Kif19 gene product, respectively.

In an embodiment of the methods, the CEP192 or Cep192 gene product is a human CEP192 or a human Cep192 gene product, respectively.

In an embodiment of the methods, the inhibitor of KIF19 is an RNAi nucleic acid. In an embodiment of the methods, the inhibitor of CEP192 is an RNAi nucleic acid. In an embodiment of the methods, the RNAi nucleic acid is a siRNA directed to KIF19 or a shRNA directed to KIF19. In an embodiment of the methods, the RNAi nucleic acid is a siRNA directed to CEP192 or a shRNA directed to CEP192. In an embodiment of the methods, the siRNA is administered. In an embodiment of the methods, the shRNA is administered. In an embodiment of the methods, the siRNA is administered as a composition comprising the siRNA associated with a nanoparticle. In an embodiment of the methods, the siRNA is administered as a composition comprising the siRNA encapsulated with a nanoparticle. In an embodiment of the methods, the nanoparticle is PEGylated. In an embodiment of the methods, the siRNA is administered as a viral vector. In an embodiment of the methods, the shRNA is administered as a viral vector.

In an embodiment of the methods, the cancer is a thyroid, blood, bladder, breast, colorectal, kidney, lung, melanoma, ovary, pancreas, prostate or stomach cancer. In an embodiment of the methods, the cancer is an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. In an embodiment of the methods, the cancer is large cell lung cancer.

In an embodiment of the methods, the fibrosis is in response to an injury. In an embodiment of the methods, the fibrosis is a fibroma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, from a previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis of the lungs, a complication of pneumoconiosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's disease fibrosis, keloid fibrosis, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis of skin or lungs, arthrofibrosis or adhesive capsulitis fibrosis.

In an embodiment of the methods, the scarring is skin scarring, cardiovascular scarring, cardiac tissue scarring, or neuronal scarring.

In an embodiment of the methods, the wound is a skin wound, cardiovascular wound, a cardiac tissue wound, or neuronal wound. In an embodiment of the methods, the skin wound is a burn wound.

In an embodiment of the methods regarding wounds, scarring or treating pain associated with the wound, the inhibitor may be applied directly to the wound of the subject.

In an embodiment of the methods regarding skin wounds, scarring or treating pain associated with the skin wound, the inhibitor may be applied to the skin of the subject.

Also provided is a method of identifying an anti-metastatic agent comprising contacting a nucleic acid encoding Kif19 gene product with the agent or contacting Kif19 gene product with the agent and determining if the agent inhibits expression of the nucleic acid-encoded Kif19 gene product or inhibits activity of the Kif19 gene product, respectively, and subsequently identifying the agent as an anti-metastatic agent or not, wherein an agent that inhibits Kif19 expression or Kif19 gene product is identified as an anti-metastatic agent.

Preferably, an “agent” in the methods of identifying an anti-metastatic agent, anti-fibrotic agent, or pain-relieving agent, is a small organic molecule of 1,500 daltons or less, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a fragment of an antibody, a carbohydrate, an oligonucleotide or a nucleic acid. In an embodiment of the methods of identifying an agent as set forth herein, the agent is a small organic molecule, a peptide, a nucleic acid, an oligonucleotide, an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody or an aptamer.

Also provided is a method of identifying an anti-metastatic agent comprising contacting a nucleic acid encoding Cep192 gene product with the agent or contacting Cep192 gene product with the agent and determining if the agent inhibits expression of the nucleic acid-encoded Cep192 gene product or inhibits activity of the Cep192 gene product, respectively, and subsequently identifying the agent as an anti-metastatic agent or not, wherein an agent that inhibits Cep192 expression or Cep192 gene product is identified as an anti-metastatic agent.

Also provided is a method of identifying an anti-fibrotic agent comprising contacting a nucleic acid encoding Kif19 gene product with the agent or contacting Kif19 gene product with the agent and determining if the agent inhibits expression of the nucleic acid-encoded Kif19 gene product or inhibits activity of the Kif19 gene product, respectively, and subsequently identifying the agent as an anti-fibrotic agent or not, wherein an agent that inhibits Kif19 expression or Kif19 gene product is identified as an anti-fibrotic agent.

Also provided is a method of identifying an anti-fibrotic agent comprising contacting a nucleic acid encoding Cep192 gene product with the agent or contacting Cep192 gene product with the agent and determining if the agent inhibits expression of the nucleic acid-encoded Cep192 gene product or inhibits activity of the Cep192 gene product, respectively, and subsequently identifying the agent as an anti-fibrotic agent or not, wherein an agent that inhibits Cep192 expression or Cep192 gene product is identified as an anti-fibrotic agent.

Also provided is a method of identifying a pain-relieving agent comprising contacting a nucleic acid encoding Cep192 gene product with the agent or contacting Cep192 gene product with the agent and determining if the agent inhibits expression of the nucleic acid-encoded Cep192 gene product or inhibits activity of the Cep192 gene product, respectively, and subsequently identifying the agent as a pain-relieving agent or not, wherein an agent that inhibits Cep192 expression or Cep192 gene product is identified as a pain-relieving agent.

Generally herein, with regard to KIF19 and Kif19, “KIF19” (i.e. upper case) refers to the gene and “Kif19” (i.e. lower case) refers to the protein. The protein may also be referred to as “Kif19 gene product.” Generally herein, with regard to CEP192 and Cep192, “CEP192” (i.e. upper case) refers to the gene and “Cep192” (i.e. lower case) refers to the protein. The protein may also be referred to as “Cep192 gene product.” As used herein, a transcript of a given gene means any nucleic acid, for example an mRNA, that encodes the protein gene product encoded by the gene. Thus, a transcript of CEP192 includes an mRNA encoding CEP192 gene product. Thus, a transcript of KIF19 includes an mRNA encoding KIF19 gene product.

A pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product effective to treat a wound in a human subject, or comprises an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product effective to treat or inhibit metastasis in a subject, or comprises an amount of an inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product effective to treat or inhibit fibrosis in a subject. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition, the inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product is encapsulated, completely or partially, by a nanoparticle. In an embodiment the nanoparticle comprises a hydrogel/sugar glass composite. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is PEGylated. In an embodiment the nanoparticle is a liposomal nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is paramagnetic. In an embodiment of the methods and compositions, the inhibitor is an siRNA which inhibits expression of Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the inhibitor is an shRNA which inhibits expression of Kif19 gene product.

The optimal dosage of the KIF19 inhibitor or of Kif19 gene product inhibitor administered in treatments herein will vary depending upon factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of a specific inhibitor and its mode and route of administration; the age, sex, metabolic rate, absorptive efficiency, health and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment being administered; the frequency of treatment with the inhibitor and the desired therapeutic effect. A dosage unit of the KIF19 inhibitor or of Kif19 gene product inhibitor may comprise a single compound, or a mixture of the compound with one or more anti-infection compound(s) or wound healing-promoting compound(s); one or more anti-cancer compounds; or one or more anti-fibrotic compounds, as relevant to the condition being treated.

In an embodiment of the methods or compositions, inhibition is effected by RNAi. In an embodiment, RNAi inhibition of K1F19 or of Kif19 gene product expression is effected with an siRNA. The siRNA (small interfering RNA) with regard to KIF19/kif19 gene product as used in the methods or compositions described herein comprises a portion which is complementary to a nucleic acid sequence (in a non-limiting example an mRNA) encoding a Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the Kif19 gene product is a human Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the mRNA is or is encoded by NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_153209.3 (SEQ ID NO:1), and the siRNA is effective to inhibit expression of Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the mRNA is or is encoded by a known variant of the NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_153209.3 (SEQ ID NO:1), and the siRNA is effective to inhibit expression of Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the Kif19 gene product comprises consecutive amino acid residues having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In an embodiment, the siRNA with regard to KIF19/kif19 gene product comprises a double-stranded portion (duplex). Tn an embodiment, the siRNA is 20-25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment the siRNA comprises a 19-21 core RNA duplex with a one or two nucleotide 3′ overhang on, independently, either one or both strands. The siRNA can be 5′ phosphorylated, or not, and may be modified with any of the known modifications in the art to improve efficacy and/or resistance to nuclease degradation. In an embodiment, the siRNA is 5′ phosphorylated. In an embodiment, the 5′ terminal residue of a strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In an embodiment the 5′ terminal residue of the antisense strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In one embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein one strand of the double-stranded RNA is 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% complementary to a portion of an RNA transcript of a KIF19 (gene) encoding Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the RNA transcript of a gene encoding Kif19 gene product is an mRNA. In an embodiment, the Kif19 gene product is a human Kif19 gene product.

In an embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein one strand of the RNA comprises a portion having a sequence the same as a portion of 18-25 consecutive nucleotides of an RNA transcript of a gene encoding Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, the other strand is fully complementary to the one strand. In an embodiment, the Kif19 gene product is a human Kif19 gene product. In yet another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein both strands of RNA are connected by a non-nucleotide linker. In yet another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein the two strands of RNA are not connected other than by complementary hybridization. Alternately, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein both strands of RNA are connected by a nucleotide linker, such as a loop or stem loop structure. In an embodiment, one strand of the double-stranded siRNA is fully complementary to a nucleic acid encoding Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment, one strand of the double-stranded siRNA is fully complementary to a nucleic acid encoding Kif19 gene product except at one, or except at two, mismatched positions. In one embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is from 14 to 50 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 18 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 19 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 20 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 21 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 22 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 23 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, a siRNA of the invention is from 28 to 56 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention is 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, or 52 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one 2′-sugar modification. In an embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one nucleic acid base modification. In an embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one phosphate backbone modification. As used herein, “at least one” means one or more. In an embodiment, the double-stranded siRNA of the invention comprises an overhang of one or two nucleotides. In an embodiment, the overhang is a 3′ overhang. In an embodiment, the overhang is a 5′ overhang. In an embodiment, the overhang is a 3′ overhang of two nucleotides. In an embodiment, the overhang is one of UU, UG or dTdT. In an embodiment, the double-stranded siRNA of the invention comprises an overhang of one or two nucleotides on each of its two strands. In an embodiment, the two overhangs are 3′ overhangs. In an embodiment, the two overhangs are of one nucleotide each. In an embodiment, the two overhangs are of two nucleotides each. In an embodiment, the overhangs are one of UU, UG or dTdT. In an embodiment, the 5′ terminal residue of a strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In an embodiment the 5′ terminal residue of the antisense strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated.

In one embodiment, RNAi inhibition of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product expression is effected by a short hairpin RNA (“shRNA”). The shRNA is introduced into the appropriate cell by transduction with a vector. In an embodiment, the vector is a lentiviral vector. In an embodiment, the vector comprises a promoter. In an embodiment, the promoter is a U6 or H1 promoter. In an embodiment the shRNA encoded by the vector is a first nucleotide sequence ranging from 19-29 nucleotides complementary to the target gene/mRNA, in the present case the mRNA encodes Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment the Kif19 gene product is a human Kif19 gene product. In an embodiment the shRNA encoded by the vector also comprises a short spacer of 4-15 nucleotides (a loop, which does not hybridize) and a 19-29 nucleotide sequence that is a reverse complement of the first nucleotide sequence. In an embodiment the siRNA resulting from intracellular processing of the shRNA has overhangs of 1 or 2 nucleotides. In an embodiment the siRNA resulting from intracellular processing of the shRNA overhangs has two 3′ overhangs. In an embodiment the overhangs are, independently, UU, UG or dTdT.

In a preferred embodiment, the inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product expression is an siRNA. In a preferred embodiment the siRNA is encapsulated in a nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises a hydrogel/sugar glass composite. In an embodiment the nanoparticle is a liposomal nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is PEGylated. In embodiments the PEG is PEG-500 or PEG-3000 or PEG-5000. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is doped with amino silanes. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is paramagnetic.

In embodiments, the siRNA, or the shRNA, (the KIF19 siRNA, the KIF19 shRNA, the CEP192 siRNA or the CEP192 shRNA, or the gene product siRNAs or shRNAs) is modified at a 2 position of a sugar of at least one nucleotide thereof of at least one strand thereof. In an embodiment the modification is on a guide strand thereof. In an embodiment, the shRNA is modified. In an embodiment, the siRNA is modified. In an embodiment, the modification is a 2′-OMe modification. In an embodiment, the modification is a 2′-F modification. In an embodiment, the modification is a 2′-O-benzyl modification. In an embodiment, the modification is a 2′-O-methyl-4-pyridine (2′-O—CH₂Py(4)) modification.

As used herein an “aptamer”, with regard to KIF19 or Kif19, is a single-stranded oligonucleotide or oligonucleotide analog that binds to a Kif19 gene product, or to a nucleic acid (such as KIF19) encoding a Kif19 gene product, and inhibits the function or expression thereof, as appropriate.

The present invention provides kits for treating wounds or scarring, a kit for treating or inhibiting metastasis, a kit for treating or inhibiting fibrosis, the kit comprising an inhibitor of KIF19 or an inhibitor of Kif19.

A composition provided in such a kit for treating or inhibiting metastasis may be provided in a form suitable for reconstitution prior to use (such as a lyophilized injectable composition) or in a form which is suitable for immediate application by, for example, injection, such as an aqueous composition.

A composition provided in such a kit for treating wounds or scarring may be provided in a form suitable for reconstitution prior to use (such as a lyophilized injectable composition) or in a form which is suitable for immediate application to a wound, including to the wound margin, such as a lotion or ointment. In an embodiment for treating wounds, the inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product is administered locally to the wound.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 product is administered via a vein or artery. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product is administered by injection, catheterization or cannulation.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 gene product is administered from an implant that elutes the inhibitor, for example a eluting stent or an eluting skin patch.

In an embodiment, the wound is an epidermal wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a skin wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiac tissue wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiovascular wound, for example resulting from a myocardial infarction. In an embodiment, the wound is a neuronal wound. In an embodiment for treating wounds, the inhibitor of Kif19 is provided by a subcutaneous implant or depot medicament system for the pulsatile delivery of the inhibitor to a wound or site where a wound is to expected be formed to promote wound healing. The inhibitor can be provided, for example, in a therapeutically effective amount to each centimeter of a wound margin or each centimeter of a site at which a wound is expected to be formed. The benefits that may be derived from the present invention may be applicable to wounds at sites throughout the body. However, it may be preferred that the wound for which healing is promoted is a skin wound. For illustrative purposes the embodiments of the invention will generally be described with reference to skin wounds, although they remain applicable to other tissues and organs. Merely by way of example, in another preferred embodiment the wound may be a wound of the circulatory system, particularly of a blood vessel. Other wounds in which wound healing may be promoted in accordance with the present invention include as a result of surgery or as a result of a burn. Other wounds in which wound healing may be promoted in accordance with the present invention include skin ulcers caused by pressure, venous stasis, or diabetes mellitus. Examples of specific wounds in which healing may be promoted using the medicaments and methods of treating wounds or promoting healing of wounds described herein include, but are not limited to, those independently selected from the group consisting of: wounds of the skin; wounds of the eye (including the inhibition of scarring resulting from eye surgery such as LASIK surgery, LASEK surgery, PRK surgery, glaucoma filtration surgery, cataract surgery, or surgery in which the lens capsule may be subject to scarring) such as those giving rise to corneal cicatrisation; wounds subject to capsular contraction (which is common surrounding breast implants); wounds of blood vessels; wounds of the central and peripheral nervous system (where prevention, reduction or inhibition of scarring may enhance neuronal reconnection and/or neuronal function); wounds of tendons, ligaments or muscle; wounds of the oral cavity, including the lips and palate (for example, to inhibit scarring resulting from treatment of cleft lip or palate); wounds of the internal organs such as the liver, heart, brain, digestive tissues and reproductive tissues; wounds of body cavities such as the abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity and thoracic cavity (where inhibition of scarring may reduce the number of incidences of adhesion formation and/or the size of adhesions formed); and surgical wounds (in particular wounds associated with cosmetic procedures, such as scar revision). It is particularly preferred that the medicaments and methods of the invention regarding wounds be used to promote healing of wounds of the skin.

A medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be formulated in any appropriate carrier. Suitable carriers are pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, for example, preferably those consistent with administration topically or administration by injection for treating wounds and treating or preventing fibrosis; preferably those consistent with administration intravenously or administration by injection or cannulation for treating or preventing metastasis. It will be appreciated that, while the inhibitor of Kif19 may be administered by the same route and in the same form in each incidence of treatment, different incidences of treatment may provide the inhibitor of Kif19 by different medicaments and/or different routes of administration. In embodiments of the invention the initial incidence of treatment may provide the inhibitor of Kif19 by means of an injection, such as an intradermal injection, while the second (and any subsequent) incidences of treatment may involve provision of the inhibitor of Kif19 by alternative routes, such as topical formulations, or vice versa. In an embodiment, multiple administrations of the inhibitor of Kif19 may be effected by the same means or route. In an embodiment the shRNA or siRNA inhibitor of Kif19 can be administered such that it is transfected into one or more cells.

In a non-limiting embodiment the inhibitor of KIF 19 or Kif19 is provided in a bulk-eroding system such as polylactic acid and glycolic acid (PLGA) copolymer based microspheres or microcapsules systems containing the inhibitor of Kif19. In an embodiment, blends of PLGA:ethylcellulose systems may be used as an appropriate carrier. A further medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be formulated in a surface-eroding system wherein the inhibitor of Kif19 or of KIF19 is embedded in an erodible matrix such as the poly(ortho) ester and polyanhydride matrices wherein the hydrolysis of the polymer is rapid. A medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may also be formulated by combining a pulsatile delivery system as described above and an immediate release system such as a lyophilized injectable composition described above.

The inhibitor may be used in a composition with additives. Examples of suitable additives are sodium alginate, as a gelatinizing agent for preparing a suitable base, or cellulose derivatives, such as guar or xanthan gum, inorganic gelatinizing agents, such as aluminum hydroxide or bentonites (termed thixotropic gel-formers), polyacrylic acid derivatives, such as Carbopol®, polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose. Amphiphilic low molecular weight and higher molecular weight compounds, and also phospholipids, are also suitable. The gels can be present either as water-based hydrogels or as hydrophobic organogels, for example based on mixtures of low and high molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons and vaseline. The hydrophilic organogels can be prepared, for example, on the basis of high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. These gelatinous forms are washable. Hydrophobic organogels are also suitable. Hydrophobic additives, such as petroleum jelly, wax, oleyl alcohol, propylene glycol monostearate and/or propylene glycol monopalmitostearate, in particular isopropyl myristate can be included. In an embodiment the inhibitor is in a composition comprising one or more dyes, for example yellow and/or red iron oxide and/or titanium dioxide for the purpose of matching as regards color. Compositions may be in any suitable form including gels, lotions, balms, pastes, sprays, powders, bandages, wound dressing, emulsions, creams and ointments of the mixed-phase or amphiphilic emulsion systems (oil/water-water/oil mixed phase), liposomes and transfersomes or plasters/band aid-type coverings. Emulsifiers which can be employed in compositions comprising the inhibitor of KIF19 or of Kif19 include anionic, cationic or neutral surfactants, for example alkali metal soaps, metal soaps, amine soaps, sulphurated and sulphonated compounds, invert soaps, higher fatty alcohols, partial fatty acid esters of sorbitan and polyoxyethylene sorbitan, e.g. lanette types, wool wax, lanolin or other synthetic products for preparing the oil/water and/or water/oil emulsions.

Compositions comprising the inhibitor of Kif19 can also comprise vaseline, natural or synthetic waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, for example as monoglycerides, diglycerides or triglycerides, paraffin oil or vegetable oils, hydrogenated castor oil or coconut oil, hog fat, synthetic fats (for example based on caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid or stearic acid, such as Softisan®), or triglyceride mixtures, such as Miglyol®, can be used as lipids, in the form of fatty and/or oleaginous and/or waxy components for preparing the ointments, creams or emulsions of the compositions comprising the inhibitor of Kif19 used in the methods described herein.

Osmotically active acids and alkaline solutions, for example hydrochloric acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, sodium hydrogen carbonate, may also be ingredients of the compositions of the invention and, in addition, buffer systems, such as citrate, phosphate, tris buffer or triethanolamine, for adjusting the pH. It is possible to add preservatives as well, such as methyl benzoate or propyl benzoate (parabens) or sorbic acid, for increasing the stability.

Pastes, powders and solutions are additional forms of compositions comprising the inhibitor of Kif19 which can be applied topically. As consistency-imparting bases, the pastes frequently contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic auxiliary substances, preferably, however, hydrophobic auxiliary substances containing a very high proportion of solids. In order to increase dispersity, and also flowability and slipperiness, and also to prevent agglomerates, the powders or topically applicable powders can, for example, contain starch species, such as wheat or rice starch, flame-dispersed silicon dioxide or siliceous earth, which also serve as diluent.

A method is provided for identifying a candidate agent for treating a wound comprising:

-   a) determining the activity of an amount of Kif19 gene product; and -   b) contacting the amount of Kif19 gene product with the candidate     agent and determining the activity of the amount of Kif19 gene     product in the presence of the candidate agent,     wherein a decreased activity of the amount of Kif19 gene product in     the presence of the candidate agent as compared to the activity of     Kif19 gene product in the absence of the candidate agent indicates     that the candidate agent can treat a wound, and wherein no change in     or an increased activity of the amount of Kif19 gene product in the     presence of the candidate agent as compared to the activity of Kif19     gene product in the absence of the candidate agent does not indicate     that the candidate agent can treat a wound. In an embodiment, the     candidate agent is a small molecule of 2000 Daltons or less. In an     embodiment, the candidate agent is a small molecule of 1000 Daltons     or less. In an embodiment, the candidate agent is a small molecule     of 1500 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the candidate agent is a     substituted or un-substituted hydrocarbon small molecule. In an     embodiment, the inhibitor or the candidate agent is an aptamer, a     nucleic acid, an oligonucleotide, or a small organic molecule of     2000 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the inhibitor is     cell-membrane permeable.

A pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product effective to treat a wound in a human subject, or comprises an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product effective to treat or inhibit metastasis in a subject, or comprises an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product effective to treat or inhibit fibrosis in a subject, or comprises an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product effective to treat or inhibit pain associated with a wound or wound healing in a subject. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is encapsulated, completely or partially, by a nanoparticle. In an embodiment the nanoparticle comprises a hydrogel/sugar glass composite. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is PEGylated. In an embodiment the nanoparticle is a liposomal nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is paramagnetic. In an embodiment of the methods and compositions, the inhibitor is an siRNA which inhibits expression of Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, the inhibitor is an shRNA which inhibits expression of Cep192 gene product.

The optimal dosage of the CEP192 inhibitor or of Cep192 gene product inhibitor administered in treatments herein will vary depending upon factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of a specific inhibitor and its mode and route of administration; the age, sex, metabolic rate, absorptive efficiency, health and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment being administered; the frequency of treatment with the inhibitor and the desired therapeutic effect. A dosage unit of the CEP192 inhibitor or of Cep192 gene product inhibitor may comprise a single compound, or a mixture of the compound with one or more anti-infection compound(s) or wound healing-promoting compound(s); one or more anti-cancer compounds; or one or more anti-fibrotic compounds; or one or more pain-relieveing compounds, as relevant to the condition being treated.

In an embodiment of the methods or compositions, inhibition of CEP192 or of Cep192 is effected by RNAi. In an embodiment, RNAi inhibition of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product expression is effected with an siRNA. The siRNA (small interfering RNA) as used in the methods or compositions described herein comprises a portion which is complementary to a nucleic acid, in a non-limiting example an mRNA, sequence encoding a Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, the Cep192 gene product is a human Cep192 gene product. Tn an embodiment, the mRNA is or is encoded by NCBT Reference Sequence: NM_032142.3 (SEQ ID NO:3), and the siRNA is effective to inhibit expression of Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, the mRNA is or is encoded by a known variant of NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_032142.3 (SEQ ID NO:3), and the siRNA is effective to inhibit expression of Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, the Cep192 gene product comprises consecutive amino acid residues having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4.

In an embodiment, the siRNA with regard to CEP192/Cep192 gene product comprises a double-stranded portion (duplex). In an embodiment, the siRNA is 20-25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment the siRNA comprises a 19-21 core RNA duplex with a one or two nucleotide 3′ overhang on, independently, either one or both strands. The siRNA can be 5′ phosphorylated, or not, and may be modified with any of the known modifications in the art to improve efficacy and/or resistance to nuclease degradation. In an embodiment, the siRNA is 5′ phosphorylated. In an embodiment, the 5′ terminal residue of a strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In an embodiment the 5′ terminal residue of the antisense strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In one embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein one strand of the double-stranded RNA is 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% complementary to a portion of an RNA transcript of a CEP192 (gene) encoding Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, the RNA transcript of a gene encoding Cep192 gene product is an mRNA. In an embodiment, the Cep192 gene product is a human Cep192 gene product.

In an embodiment, a siRNA of the invention with regard to CEP192/Cep192 gene product comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein one strand of the RNA comprises a portion having a sequence the same as a portion of 18-25 consecutive nucleotides of an RNA transcript of a gene encoding Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, the other strand is fully complementary to the one strand. In an embodiment, the Cep192 gene product is a human Cep192 gene product. In yet another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein both strands of RNA are connected by a non-nucleotide linker. In yet another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein the two strands of RNA are not connected other than by complementary hybridization. Alternately, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein both strands of RNA are connected by a nucleotide linker, such as a loop or stem loop structure. In an embodiment, one strand of the double-stranded siRNA is fully complementary to a nucleic acid encoding Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment, one strand of the double-stranded siRNA is fully complementary to a nucleic acid encoding Cep192 gene product except at one, or except at two, mismatched positions. In one embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is from 14 to 50 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 18 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 19 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 20 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 21 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 22 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 23 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, a siRNA of the invention is from 28 to 56 nucleotides in length. Tn another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention is 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, or 52 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one 2′-sugar modification. In an embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one nucleic acid base modification. In an embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one phosphate backbone modification. As used herein, “at least one” means one or more. In an embodiment, the double-stranded siRNA of the invention comprises an overhang of one or two nucleotides. In an embodiment, the overhang is a 3′ overhang. In an embodiment, the overhang is a 5′ overhang. In an embodiment, the overhang is a 3′ overhang of two nucleotides. In an embodiment, the overhang is one of UU, UG or dTdT. In an embodiment, the double-stranded siRNA of the invention comprises an overhang of one or two nucleotides on each of its two strands. In an embodiment, the two overhangs are 3′ overhangs. In an embodiment, the two overhangs are of one nucleotide each. In an embodiment, the two overhangs are of two nucleotides each. In an embodiment, the overhangs are, independently, one of UU, UG or dTdT. In an embodiment, the 5′ terminal residue of a strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In an embodiment the 5′ terminal residue of the antisense strand of the siRNA is hosphorylated.

In one embodiment, RNAi inhibition of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product expression is effected by a short hairpin RNA (“shRNA”). The shRNA is introduced into the appropriate cell by transduction with a vector. Tn an embodiment, the vector is a lentiviral vector. In an embodiment, the vector comprises a promoter. In an embodiment, the promoter is a U6 or H1 promoter. In an embodiment the shRNA encoded by the vector is a first nucleotide sequence ranging from 19-29 nucleotides complementary to the target gene/mRNA, in the present case the mRNA encodes Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment the Cep192 gene product is a human Cep192 gene product. In an embodiment the shRNA encoded by the vector also comprises a short spacer of 4-15 nucleotides (a loop, which does not hybridize) and a 19-29 nucleotide sequence that is a reverse complement of the first nucleotide sequence. In an embodiment the siRNA resulting from intracellular processing of the shRNA has overhangs of 1 or 2 nucleotides. In an embodiment the siRNA resulting from intracellular processing of the shRNA overhangs has two 3′ overhangs. In an embodiment the overhangs are, independently, UU, UG or dTdT.

As used herein an “aptamer”, with regard to CEP192 or Cep192, is a single-tranded oligonucleotide or oligonucleotide analog that binds to a Cep192 gene product, or to a nucleic acid (such as CEP192) encoding a Cep192 gene product, and inhibits the function or expression thereof, as appropriate.

The present invention provides kits for treating wounds or scarring, a kit for treating or inhibiting metastasis, a kit for treating or inhibiting fibrosis, or a kit for treating or inhibiting pain associated with a wound or with wound healing, the kit comprising an inhibitor of CEP192 or an inhibitor of Cep192.

A composition provided in such a kit for treating or inhibiting metastasis may be provided in a form suitable for reconstitution prior to use (such as a lyophilized injectable composition) or in a form which is suitable for immediate application by, for example, injection, such as an aqueous composition.

A composition provided in such a kit for treating or inhibiting pain associated with a wound or with wound healing, may be provided in a form suitable for reconstitution prior to use (such as a lyophilized injectable composition) or in a form which is suitable for immediate application by, for example, injection, such as an aqueous composition, or a form for immediate topical application, such as a lotion or ointment.

A composition provided in such a kit for treating wounds or scarring may be provided in a form suitable for reconstitution prior to use (such as a lyophilized injectable composition) or in a form which is suitable for immediate application to a wound, including to the wound margin, such as a lotion or ointment. In an embodiment for treating wounds, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is administered locally to the wound.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 product is administered via a vein or artery. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is administered by injection, catheterization or cannulation.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is administered from an implant that elutes the inhibitor, for example a eluting stent or an eluting skin patch.

In an embodiment, the wound is an epidermal wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a skin wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiac tissue wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiovascular wound, for example resulting from a myocardial infarction. In an embodiment, the wound is a neuronal wound. In an embodiment of the invention the inhibitor of Cep192 is provided by a subcutaneous implant or depot medicament system for the pulsatile delivery of the inhibitor to a wound or site where a wound is to expected be formed to promote wound healing. The inhibitor can be provided, for example, in a therapeutically effective amount to each centimeter of a wound margin or each centimeter of a site at which a wound is expected to be formed. The benefits that may be derived from the present invention may be applicable to wounds at sites throughout the body. However, it may be preferred that the wound for which healing is promoted is a skin wound. For illustrative purposes the embodiments of the invention will generally be described with reference to skin wounds, although they remain applicable to other tissues and organs. Merely by way of example, in another preferred embodiment the wound may be a wound of the circulatory system, particularly of a blood vessel. Other wounds in which wound healing may be promoted in accordance with the present invention include as a result of surgery or as a result of a burn. Other wounds in which wound healing may be promoted in accordance with the present invention include skin ulcers caused by pressure, venous stasis, or diabetes mellitus. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is administered locally to the wound. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is administered via a vein or artery. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of CEP19 or of Cep19 gene product is administered by injection, catheterization or cannulation. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep19 gene product is administered from an implant that elutes the inhibitor, for example a eluting stent or an eluting skin patch. In an embodiment, the wound is an epidermal wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a skin wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiac tissue wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiovascular wound, for example resulting from a myocardial infarction. In an embodiment, the wound is a neuronal wound. Examples of specific wounds in which healing may be promoted using the medicaments and methods of treating wounds or promoting healing of wounds described herein include, but are not limited to, those independently selected from the group consisting of: wounds of the skin; wounds of the eye (including the inhibition of scarring resulting from eye surgery such as LASIK surgery, LASEK surgery, PRK surgery, glaucoma filtration surgery, cataract surgery, or surgery in which the lens capsule may be subject to scarring) such as those giving rise to corneal cicatrisation; wounds subject to capsular contraction (which is common surrounding breast implants); wounds of blood vessels; wounds of the central and peripheral nervous system (where prevention, reduction or inhibition of scarring may enhance neuronal reconnection and/or neuronal function); wounds of tendons, ligaments or muscle; wounds of the oral cavity, including the lips and palate (for example, to inhibit scarring resulting from treatment of cleft lip or palate); wounds of the internal organs such as the liver, heart, brain, digestive tissues and reproductive tissues; wounds of body cavities such as the abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity and thoracic cavity (where inhibition of scarring may reduce the number of incidences of adhesion formation and/or the size of adhesions formed); and surgical wounds (in particular wounds associated with cosmetic procedures, such as scar revision). It is particularly preferred that the medicaments and methods of the invention regarding wounds be used to promote healing of wounds of the skin.

A medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be formulated in any appropriate carrier. Suitable carriers are pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, for example, preferably those consistent with administration topically or administration by injection for treating wounds and treating or preventing fibrosis; preferably those consistent with administration intravenously or administration by injection or cannulation for treating or preventing metastasis. It will be appreciated that, while the inhibitor of Cep192 or CEP192 may be administered by the same route and in the same form in each incidence of treatment, different incidences of treatment may provide the inhibitor of Cep192 by different medicaments and/or different routes of administration. In embodiments of the invention the initial incidence of treatment may provide the inhibitor of Cep 192 by means of an injection, such as an intradermal injection, while the second (and any subsequent) incidences of treatment may involve provision of the inhibitor of Cep192 by alternative routes, such as topical formulations, or vice versa. In an embodiment, multiple administrations of the inhibitor of Cep192 may be effected by the same means or route.

In an embodiment the shRNA or siRNA inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product expression can be administered such that it is transfected into one or more cells.

In a preferred embodiment, the inhibitor is an siRNA. In a preferred embodiment the siRNA is encapsulated in a nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises a hydrogel/sugar glass composite. In an embodiment the nanoparticle is a liposomal nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is PEGylated. In embodiments the PEG is PEG-500 or PEG-3000 or PEG-5000. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is doped with amino silanes. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is paramagnetic.

In a non-limiting embodiment the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is provided in a bulk-eroding system such as polylactic acid and glycolic acid (PLGA) copolymer based microspheres or microcapsules systems containing the inhibitor of Cep192. In an embodiment, blends of PLGA:ethylcellulose systems may be used as an appropriate carrier. A further medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be formulated in a surface-eroding system wherein the inhibitor of Cep192 is embedded in an erodible matrix such as the poly(ortho) ester and polyanhydride matrices wherein the hydrolysis of the polymer is rapid. A medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may also be formulated by combining a pulsatile delivery system as described above and an immediate release system such as a lyophilized injectable composition described above.

The inhibitor may be used in a composition with additives. Examples of suitable additives are sodium alginate, as a gelatinizing agent for preparing a suitable base, or cellulose derivatives, such as guar or xanthan gum, inorganic gelatinizing agents, such as aluminum hydroxide or bentonites (termed thixotropic gel-formers), polyacrylic acid derivatives, such as Carbopol®, polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose. Amphiphilic low molecular weight and higher molecular weight compounds, and also phospholipids, are also suitable. The gels can be present either as water-based hydrogels or as hydrophobic organogels, for example based on mixtures of low and high molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons and vaseline. The hydrophilic organogels can be prepared, for example, on the basis of high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. These gelatinous forms are washable. Hydrophobic organogels are also suitable. Hydrophobic additives, such as petroleum jelly, wax, oleyl alcohol, propylene glycol monostearate and/or propylene glycol monopalmitostearate, in particular isopropyl myristate can be included. In an embodiment the inhibitor is in a composition comprising one or more dyes, for example yellow and/or red iron oxide and/or titanium dioxide for the purpose of matching as regards color. Compositions may be in any suitable form including gels, lotions, balms, pastes, sprays, powders, bandages, wound dressing, emulsions, creams and ointments of the mixed-phase or amphiphilic emulsion systems (oil/water-water/oil mixed phase), liposomes and transfersomes or plasters/band aid-type coverings. Emulsifiers which can be employed in compositions comprising the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 include anionic, cationic or neutral surfactants, for example alkali metal soaps, metal soaps, amine soaps, sulphurated and sulphonated compounds, invert soaps, higher fatty alcohols, partial fatty acid esters of sorbitan and polyoxyethylene sorbitan, e.g. lanette types, wool wax, lanolin or other synthetic products for preparing the oil/water and/or water/oil emulsions.

Compositions comprising the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 can also comprise vaseline, natural or synthetic waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, for example as monoglycerides, diglycerides or triglycerides, paraffin oil or vegetable oils, hydrogenated castor oil or coconut oil, hog fat, synthetic fats (for example based on caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid or stearic acid, such as Softisan®), or triglyceride mixtures, such as Miglyol®, can be used as lipids, in the form of fatty and/or oleaginous and/or waxy components for preparing the ointments, creams or emulsions of the compositions comprising the inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 used in the methods described herein.

Osmotically active acids and alkaline solutions, for example hydrochloric acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, sodium hydrogen carbonate, may also be ingredients of the compositions of the invention and, in addition, buffer systems, such as citrate, phosphate, tris buffer or triethanolamine, for adjusting the pH. It is possible to add preservatives as well, such as methyl benzoate or propyl benzoate (parabens) or sorbic acid, for increasing the stability.

Pastes, powders and solutions are additional forms of compositions comprising the inhibitor of Cep192 which can be applied topically. As consistency-imparting bases, the pastes frequently contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic auxiliary substances, preferably, however, hydrophobic auxiliary substances containing a very high proportion of solids. In order to increase dispersity, and also flowability and slipperiness, and also to prevent agglomerates, the powders or topically applicable powders can, for example, contain starch species, such as wheat or rice starch, flame-dispersed silicon dioxide or siliceous earth, which also serve as diluent.

In an embodiment, insofar as the methods herein pertain to wounds or scarring, the compositions comprise further active ingredients suitable for protecting or aiding in healing of the wound, for example one or more antibiotics, antiseptics, vitamins, anesthetics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, moisturizers, penetration-enhancing agents and/or anti-irritants.

In an embodiment of the methods and compositions described herein the subject is a mammal. In an embodiment the subject is human.

As used herein, “promotion” of wound healing, or grammatical equivalent, means an acceleration in any one or more of visual appearance of wound recovery, reduction in wound size, reduction in distance between wound margins, scab formation, fibroplasia and re-epithelialization as compared to the corresponding parameter in an untreated wound.

As used herein, “wound” is a break or discontinuity in the structure of an organ or tissue (including skin), which includes epithelium, connective tissue, and muscle tissue, caused by an external agent. Examples of wounds include, but are not limited to, skin wounds, ulcerations, bedsores, grazes, tears, cuts, punctures, tympanic membrane perforations, burns, and those that are a consequence of plastic surgery procedures.

A method is provided for identifying a candidate agent for treating a wound comprising:

-   a) determining the activity of an amount of Cep192 gene product; and -   b) contacting the amount of Cep192 gene product with the candidate     agent and determining the activity of the amount of Cep192 gene     product in the presence of the candidate agent,     wherein a decreased activity of the amount of Cep192 gene product in     the presence of the candidate agent as compared to the activity of     Cep192 gene product in the absence of the candidate agent indicates     that the candidate agent can treat a wound, and wherein no change in     or an increased activity of the amount of Cep192 gene product in the     presence of the candidate agent as compared to the activity of     Cep192 gene product in the absence of the candidate agent does not     indicate that the candidate agent can treat a wound. In an     embodiment, the candidate agent is a small molecule of 2000 Daltons     or less. In an embodiment, the candidate agent is a small molecule     of 1000 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the candidate agent is a     small molecule of 1500 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the     candidate agent is a substituted or un-substituted hydrocarbon small     molecule. In an embodiment, the inhibitor or the candidate agent is     an aptamer, a nucleic acid, an oligonucleotide, or a small organic     molecule of 2000 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the inhibitor is     cell-membrane permeable.

With regard to the methods described herein to identify candidate agents as inhibitors of Kif19 or of KIF19 of of CEP192 or of Cep192, one skilled in the art can readily screen libraries of compounds, for example small molecule libraries, using the methods as described to identify agents which are inhibitors of Kif19 or of KIF19 of of CEP192 or of Cep192 and which are therapeutic in treating wounds and promoting the healing of wounds. In addition, one skilled in the art can employ the method to identify peptides, peptidomimetics, antibodies, antibody fragments and nucleic acids which are inhibitors of Kif19 or of KIF19 of of CEP192 or of Cep192 and which are therapeutic in treating wounds and promoting the healing of wounds.

An inhibitor of KIF19, or of Kif19 gene product is provided for treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer.

An inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product is provided for treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having a cancer.

An inhibitor of KIF19, or of Kif19 gene product, is provided for treating fibrosis or scarring in a subject in need thereof.

An inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product, is provided for treating fibrosis or scarring in a subject in need thereof.

An inhibitor of CEP192 or of Cep192 gene product, for treating pain associated with wound healing in a subject.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor is an RNAi nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the inhibitor comprises an siRNA. In an embodiment, the inhibitor comprises an shRNA. In an embodiment, the siRNA or shRNA is directed against CEP192. In an embodiment, the siRNA or shRNA is directed against KIF19.

In an embodiment of the methods, prodcuts and compositions, the inhibitor is biomembrane-permeable or is conjugated or otherwise attached to a moiety which renders the inhibitor biomembrane-permeable.

In an embodiment, KIF19 comprises the following sequence (SEQ ID NO:1):

   1 gcgttgttgg tttcgggttg tcaggcagcg cgcgaggcgg cgggcagcta gcagctggcg   61 gacgcgaccc ggaggcggtg ggggtgcggc tgagccatgc ccggtggcgc ggcctgagcc  121 cctccacctg ctgcaatcat gaaggacagc ggggactcca aggaccagca actcatggtg  181 gcgcttcggg tccggcccat cagcgtggca gagctggagg aaggagctac cctcatcgcc  241 cataaagtgg atgagcagat ggtggttctc atggacccaa tggaggatcc cgacgacatc  301 ctgcgggcgc atcgctcccg ggagaagtcc tacctgttcg acgtggcctt tgacttcacc  361 gccacccagg agatggtgta tcaggccacc accaagagcc tcatcgaggg cgtcatctca  421 ggctacaatg ccactgtctt tgcctatggc cccacaggct gtgggaaaac ctacaccatg  481 ctgggcacag accaggagcc tggcatctat gttcagaccc tcaacgacct cttccgtgcc  541 atcgaggaga ccagcaatga catggagtat gaggtctcca tgtcctacct ggagatctac  601 aatgagatga tccgggacct gctgaacccc tccctgggct acctggagct gcgggaggac  661 tctaaggggg tgatccaggt ggccggcatc accgaagtct ccaccatcaa tgccaaggag  721 atcatgcagc tgctgatgaa ggggaaccgg cagaggaccc aggagcccac ggccgccaac  781 cagacgtcct cccgctccca cgcggtactg caggtgaccg tgcgccagcg cagccgggtc  841 aagaacatct tgcaggaggt gcggcagggc cgcctgttca tgatcgacct ggctggctca  901 gagcgcgcct cgcagacaca gaatcgtggg cagcgtatga aggagggggc ccacatcaac  961 cgctcactgc tggcactggg caactgcatc aacgccctga gcgacaaggg tagcaacaag 1021 tacatcaact atcgcgacag caagctcacc cggctcctga aggactctct gggaggaaac 1081 agccgcacag tgatgatcgc tcacatcagt cctgcgagca gtgccttcga ggagtcccgg 1141 aacaccctga cctacgccgg ccgggccaag aacattaaga ctagggtgaa gcagaacctc 1201 ctgaacgtct cctaccacat cgcccagtac accagcatca tcgctgacct gcggggcgag 1261 atccagcgac tcaagcgcaa gattgatgag cagactgggc ggggccaggc ccggggccgg 1321 caggatcggg gtgacatccg ccacatccaa gctgaggtcc agctgcacag cgggcagggt 1381 gagaaggctg gcatgggaca gcttcgggag cagctcgcca gcgccttcca ggagcagatg 1441 gatgtgcgga ggcgcctgct ggagctggag aaccgcgcca tggaggtcca gattgacacc 1501 tcccgacacc tgctcaccat cgccggctgg aagcatgaga agtcccgccg ggccctcaaa 1561 tggcgggagg agcagcgaaa ggagtgctac gctaaggacg acagcgagaa ggactcagac 1621 acaggtgatg accaaccaga catcctggag ccacccgagg tggccgcagc ccgggagagc 1681 attgcagccc tggtggacga gcagaagcaa ctgcgcaagc agaagctggc gctggagcag 1741 cgctgccggg agctgcgcgc gcggggccgg cgcctggagg agacgctgcc gcggcgcatc 1801 ggctccgagg agcagcgcga ggtgctcagc ctgctgtgcc gcgtgcacga gctcgaggtg 1861 gagaacaccg agatgcagtc gcacgcgctg ctccgcgacg gtgcgctccg ccaccgccac 1921 gaggccgtgc gccgcctgga gcagcaccgc agtctctgcg acgagattat ccagggccag 1981 cggcagatca tcgacgacta caacctggcc gtcccgcagc gcctggaaga gctctacgaa 2041 gtgtacctgc gggagctgga ggagggcagc ctggagcagg ccaccatcat ggaccaagtg 2101 gcctccaggg ccctgcagga cagctccttg cccaaaatta ccccagcagg aacctcactg 2161 accccagatt ctgacctgga gagtgtgaag acattgagct ctgatgccca gcacctgcag 2221 aacagcgccc tccctcccct cagcacagag agtgaaggcc accacgtgtt caaggctggt 2281 actggggcct ggcaggcaaa aagctcctct gtgcccaccc cacctcccat ccagctcggc 2341 agcctggtga cgcaggaggc cccggctcag gacagcctgg gcagctggat caactcttcc 2401 cctgacagca gtgagaacct gtcggagatc cccttgtccc acaaagagag gaaggagatc 2461 ctgactggca ccaagtgcat ctgggtgaag gccgcccggc ggcgctcgcg ggccctggga 2521 accgaggggc gacacctgct ggcacccgcg acagagcgca gcagcctgtc cctgcactca 2581 ctgagcgagg gcgacgatgc gcggccacca ggcccactgg cctgcaagcg gccgcccagc 2641 cccacactac agcatgctgc cagtgaggac aacctgtcca gcagcacggg cgaggccccg 2701 tcccgggcag tcggacatca tggggacggc cccaggccct ggctgcgtgg ccagaagaaa 2761 agcctgggca agaaaaggga ggagtcgctg gaggcaaaga gaaggaagcg gaggtcccga 2821 tccttcgagg tcaccgggca agggctctcc caccccaaga cacacctcct ggggccccat 2881 caggcggagc gcatctcgga ccacaggatg ccagtgtgca ggcacccagc ccctggtatc 2941 cggcatctgg gaaaggtcac gctacctttg gccaaagtca aactccctcc aagccagaac 3001 acgggcccgg gggactcctc acccctggct gttcccccca acccaggtgg tggttctcga 3061 cgggctaccc gtgggccccg cctgccccac ggcacaagca cccatggcaa agatggatgc 3121 tcccggcata actgaggggc cctgcctgga actggctctc tcacctccca agactgaatg 3181 gggtctagca gggcatggga ggtggaggct gggcagatgg agatgaccag gaagtaagct 3241 caggatctca gcaggccagg gctcctgaga cccaggaact ggggtctctg cccaaccctc 3301 ccatgctttc agtgccactg gggaaaagag gtgaggccag gggacatggc caggacggct 3361 gggctccctg gcttcccagc cctggacaga atgctgttgc caaaacctgc acagccctga 3421 ggccagcctc ggccttggta acggaggaaa gcagctgaca gtgagacggg gctcctggcc 3481 cacgtgtggg gcacgggcat cctggatggt tggggaggcg ccgacaggca cttcacgtat 3541 tacaattggg gatgtgggtg agggagggaa tctggItttg ttacttggca gtggtttttt 3601 ctcacccttc ctttttaaca ataaaatccc atttgggtct tgaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 3661 aaaaaaaaaa

In an embodiment, Kif19 gene product comprises the following sequence (SEQ ID NO:2):

MKDSGDSKDQQLMVALRVRPISVAELEEGATLIAHKVDEQMVVL MDPMEDPDDILRAHRSREKSYLFDVAFDFTATQEMVYQATTKSLIEGVIS GYNATVFAYGPTGCGKTYTMLGTDQEPGIYVQTLNDLFRATEETSNDMEY EVSMSYLETYNEMIRDLLNPSLGYLELREDSKGVIQVAGITEVSTINAKE IMQLLMKGNRQRTQEPTAANQTSSRSHAVLQVTVRQRSRVKNILQEVRQG RLFMIDLAGSERASQTQNRGQRMKEGAHINRSLLALGNCINALSDKGSNK YINYRDSKLTRLLKDSLGGNSRTVMTAHTSPASSAFEESRNTLTYAGRAK NIKTRVKQNLLNVSYHIAQYTSIIADLRGEIQRLKRKIDEQTGRGQARGR QDRGDIRHIQAEVQLHSGQGEKAGMGQLREQLASAFQEQMDVRRRLLELE NRAMEVQIDTSRHLLTIAGWKHEKSRRALKWREEQRKECYAKDDSEKDSD TGDDQPDILEPPEVAAARESIAALVDEQKQLRKQKLALEQRCRELRARGR RLEETLPRRIGSEEQREVLSLLCRVHELEVENTEMQSHALLRDGALRHRH EAVRRLEQHRSLCDEIIQGQRQIIDDYNLAVPQRLEELYEVYLRELEEGS LEQATIMDQVASRALQDSSLPKITPAGTSLTPDSDLESVKTLSSDAQHLQ NSALPPLSTESEGHHVFKAGTGAWQAKSSSVPTPPPIQLGSLVTQEAPAQ DSLGSWINSSPDSSENLSEIPLSHKERKEILTGTKCIWVKAARRRSRALG TEGRHLLAPATERSSLSLHSLSEGDDARPPGPLACKRPPSPTLQHAASED NLSSSTGEAPSRAVGHHGDGPRPWLRGQKKSLGKKREESLEAKRRKRRSR SFEVTGQGLSHPKTHLLGPHQAERTSDHRMPVCRHPAPGIRHLGKVTLPL AKVKLPPSQNTGPGDSSPLAVPPNPGGGSRRATRGPRLPHGTSTHGKDGC SRHN

In an embodiment, CEP192 comprises the following sequence (SEQ ID NO:3):

   1 agtgccctgg gacacctctt cagtccgtgg actttcccgc tgcacactgc cctccgaagt   61 cggggacgcg ggctcgtgag atggaagatt ttcgaggtat agcagaagaa tcatttccaa  121 gctttctcac caattcatta tttggtaaca gtgggatttt ggaaaatgtc actctttctt  181 caaatcttgg cttgcctgtt gctgtttcta cacttgctag ggatagatcc agcactgata  241 acaggtatcc tgatatccag gcatcttact tagtagaagg gagattttca gttccatccg  301 ggtcatctcc cggaagccag agtgatgctg aaccaagaga gaggttacag cttagcttcc  361 aggatgatga ttctatctct aggaaaaaga gctatgtgga aagtcaacgt ttgtcaaatg  421 ctctcagcaa acagtcagct ttacaaatgg agacagcagg accagaagag gagccagccg  481 gagctacaga atccttgcag ggccaagatc tcttcaacag ggcttcacca ctggaacaag  541 cacaagactc acctattgat tttcatttac agtcatggat gaataataag gaacccaaga  601 ttgttgtgct tgatgctgga aaacattttg aagacaagac tctaaagagt gacctaagcc  661 acactagctt attagaaaat gagaaactta tcttaccgac aagcttggaa gattcttctg  721 atgatgatat tgatgatgaa atgttttatg atgatcattt ggaggcttat tttgaacaac  781 tggcaattcc aggaatgata tatgaagacc tagaaggacc agaacctcca gaaaaaggtt  841 ttaagttacc tacaaatggt cttagacagg caaatgaaaa cggtagctta aactgcaagt  901 ttcaatcaga aaataacagc tctctgattt ccctcgactc acactcttct gaaacaactc  961 acaaagagtc tgaggaaagc caagttattt gtctacctgg gactagtaat tctataggta 1021 ctggagatag tagaaggtac acagatggta tgttaccatt ttcctctggt acttggggaa 1081 ctgagaaaga aatagaaaat ttgaagggta ttgttccaga tcttaacagt gaatgtgcaa 1141 gtaaagatgt tctggtgaag accctcaggg ctattgatgt gaaacttaac tctgataatt 1201 ttcatgatgc aaatgccaat agaggtggtt ttgatctgac tgaccctgta aaacaggggg 1261 cagagtgtcc tcaccaaaat aagacagttt tgcacatgga tggatgttta gacactgaga 1321 ctcctacggt gtccattcaa gaaaatgtgg atgtagcctc tttgaagccc attagtgaca 1381 gtggaattaa tttcactgat gccatttggt caccaacttg tgaaaggcga acatgtgaat 1441 gtcacgagtc catcgaaaag aataaagaca aaacagatct cccacagagt gtggtctatc 1501 aaaatgaaga gggtaggtgg gtcacagacc ttgcctatta cacatctttt aatagcaaac 1561 aaaatttaaa tgtgtctcta agtgatgaga tgaatgaaga cttcagatct ggttctgaag 1621 catttgattt gattgcacaa gatgaagaag aatttaataa agagcatcaa tttatacagg 1681 aagaaaacat agatgctcat aatacttcgg ttgcactggg cgatacgtcc tggggagcta 1741 caattaatta cagtctgttg aggaaatcac gtagcacatc agatttggat aaagatgatg 1801 ccagttattt acgtctgtct ttaggagagt tctttgctca aagatctgaa gctcttggtt 1861 gccttggtgg tggtaacaat gtgaaaagac catcatttgg ctattttatt agatcaccag 1921 agaagagaga acctattgcc ttaataagaa aatctgatgt atcaagaggt aatttggaaa 1981 aagaaatggc tcatcttaac catgatctat attcaggaga tttaaatgaa cagtcccagg 2041 cacagctaag tgaaggatca attacacttc aggttgaagc agtagagagt acttcacaag 2101 tggatgaaaa tgatgtgacg ttaacggctg ataaaggcaa aacagaggac actttcttca 2161 tgagcaacaa accccaaaga tacaaagaca agctaccaga tagtggtgat tctatgctta 2221 ggatcagcac cattgcttca gccattgcag aggcatcagt taatactgat ccttcccaac 2281 ttgctgcaat gatcaaggca ctttcaaata aaaccagaga caagactttt caggaagatg 2341 agaaacaaaa ggactattct catgtgcgtc atttcttacc taatgattta gaaaaaagta 2401 atggatccaa tgcacttgat atggagaaat accttaaaaa aacagaagtt agtagatatg 2461 aaagtgcatt ggaaaacttt tcaagggcta gtatgtctga tacttgggat ttatctttgc 2521 ccaaagaaca aactactcaa gacattcatc cggtggactt aagtgctact agtgtaagtg 2581 tgagggcacc agaagaaaac acagcagcta ttgtttatgt tgaaaatgga gagagtgaga 2641 atcaagagtc atttagaacc ataaactcct caaattcagt tacaaataga gagaataaca 2701 gtgcagtagt tgatgtgaag acatgttcca ttgacaacaa attacaagat gttggtaacg 2761 atgaaaaagc tacctcaatt tccactccat ctgatagtta ttcatcagtg aggaacccca 2821 gaataacatc cctttgtctg ttaaaagact gtgaagaaat acgagataac agagaaaatc 2881 agaggcaaaa tgagtgtgtc agtgaaataa gcaacagtga gaagcatgtg acttttgaaa 2941 accatcgcat agtctcacct aaaaatagtg atttgaaaaa tacctctcct gagcatggtg 3001 gacgtggctc agaggatgag caggagagct tcagaccttc cacgtcacca ctgagtcatt 3061 cttctcctag tgaaatttct ggaacgagtt catcagggtg tgcgttagag tcctttggtt 3121 cagcagctca gcagcagcag cctccctgtg agcaggagtt gtctcccttg gtgtgctcgc 3181 ctgctggggt gagcaggctg acgtatgtgt ctgaaccaga gagctcctat cctaccacag 3241 ccacagatga tgccctggag gaccgcaaga gtgatatcac cagcgagttg agtaccacaa 3301 ttattcaagg cagtccagcc gcattggagg aacgggctat ggaaaaattg agagaaaaag 3361 ttccatttca gaatagagga aaaggaacat tatcatctat tatccagaat aactctgata 3421 caagaaaagc aactgaaact acttctctga gtagcaagcc tgaatatgta aaacctgact 3481 ttagatggag taaagatcct tcctccaaaa gtggaaatct gttggaaacc agtgaggtag 3541 gttggacatc aaaccctgag gaattggacc cgatcaggct ggctctcctg ggcaagtcag 3601 gtctgagctg tcaggtgggg tcagccacat cacaccctgt gtcctgccag gagcctatag 3661 atgaagatca aagaataagt cctaaagata agtcaactgc tggccgtgag ttcagtggcc 3721 aggtttctca tcagaccacc tctgaaaacc agtgtactcc tattcccagc agcacagttc 3781 acagctctgt ggctgacatg cagaacatgc ctgctgctgt gcacgcactc ttgacacaac 3841 cctctctcag cgctgctcct tttgctcagc ggtatttggg aacactccct tcaactggaa 3901 gcaccacctt gcctcagtgc catgctggca atgccacagt ctgtggcttc tcaggaggcc 3961 ttccctatcc agctgttgca ggagagcctg tgcagaactc tgtggctgtg ggaatttgtc 4021 taggatcaaa tatcggctct ggatggatgg gtacctcttc cctctgtaac ccatattcta 4081 ataccttaaa tcagaacctg ctaagcacaa caaaaccttt tcctgtgccg tctgttggta 4141 caaactgtgg aattgaacca tgggattcag gagtgacatc aggattgggg agtgtccgag 4201 tgcccgagga gttgaagctt cctcatgctt gctgtgtcgg gatcgcttcc cagaccctcc 4261 tcagtgtgct taatccaact gaccgctggc tgcaagtcag cattggggtc ctcagcatta 4321 gtgttaatgg tgaaaaggtg gatctttcaa catatcgttg tttagttttc aagaataaag 4381 ccatcataag acctcatgcc acagaagaga taaaagtgct ttttatacca tccagtcctg 4441 gggttttcag atgcacattc agtgttgctt cttggccatg ttcgacagat gctgagacca 4501 tcgtacaggc agaagctttg gccagcaccg tcactctcac tgccattgcc gagagtcctg 4561 ttattgaggt agaaacagaa aagaaagacg ttcttgattt tggtgacttg acttatggag 4621 gctggaaagc cctcccacta aaattgataa accgaacgca tgccactgtg ccaattagac 4681 tgattattaa tgctaacgct gtagcctggc gctgtttcac gttttccaag gaatccgtcc 4741 gagctcctgt ggaagttgct ccttgcgctg atgtggtcac tcggctagca ggcccttctg 4801 tggtcaacca catgatgcct gctagttatg atggacagga tccagaattt ctgatgattt 4861 gggttctttt ccatagtcca aagaaacaga tcagctcttc agatattctg gactcagcag 4921 aagaattctc ggcaaaagtt gatatcgaag ttgacagccc aaaccctacg cccgttctta 4981 gaagtgtgag tctccgagca agagcaggaa tagctaggat ccatgctccc agggacttgc 5041 agacgatgca tttcttggcc aaagtggctt cctcaagaaa gcagcactta cctttgaaaa 5101 atgctgggaa cattgaagtt tatttggata tcaaggtccc agaacaagga agtcactttt 5161 cagtggatcc aaagaatcta ctccttaaac ctggagaaga acatgaggtt attgtttcat 5221 ttactccaaa ggatcctgaa gcctgcgagg aaaggatctt gaaaatattt gtgcagccat 5281 ttggacctca gtatgaggta gtgttaaaag gcgaagtcat ttcttcagga agtaaacctc 5341 tgtcacctgg accttgctta gatattccat cgattttgtc caacaaacaa tttctggctt 5401 ggggaggagt ccctctaggt agaacacagc ttcagaaact agctttaaga aataattctg 5461 catctacaac tcaacattta cgactgctta ttagaggaca agatcaggac tgctttcagc 5521 ttcagaacac ttttggttca gaacagcgat tgaccagtaa ctgtgagatc agaattcacc 5581 caaaggaaga cattttcatc tctgtattat ttgcacctac tcgattatct tgcatgttgg 5641 ctagactaga aatcaaacaa cttggaaatc gatcacaacc aggcattaag ttcacaatac 5701 ctttgtctgg atatggagga acaagcaatc ttattttgga aggcgttaaa aaattatctg 5761 acagttacat ggtaacagtg aatggcttag tacctggcaa agaaagtaaa attgtttttt 5821 ctgtccgcaa cactggctcc cgagcagctt ttgttaaagc agtaggtttt aaggattctc 5881 agaaaaaagt tttgctggat cctaaagtat tgaggatttt tccagataaa tttgtactca 5941 aggaaagaac acaagaaaat gttactttaa tatataatcc atcagacaga ggaatcaata 6001 ataaaactgc aacagaacta tcaactgtat acttatttgg tggagatgaa atttcaagac 6061 agcagtatcg cagggccctg ttacataaac cagagatgat aaaacagata cttccagaac 6121 atagtgtgct tcaaaacatt aattttgttg aagcatttca agatgagcta ttagtaactg 6181 aagtatatga tcttccccaa cgacctaatg atgttcagct cttttatgga agcatgtgta 6241 aaattatact ttcagtaatt ggagaattca gagattgcat ttctagcaga gaattccttc 6301 agccttcttc caaagctagc ttggaatcta caagcgactt gggagcttct gggaaacatg 6361 gtggcaacgt ctctttggat gttttaccag tcaaaggtcc tcagggttct cctcttctct 6421 cacgggcggc tcgcccgcct ctggatcagc tggcctccga agagccgtgg actgtcctac 6481 ccgagcactt gattctggta gctccttctc cttgtgacat ggcaaaaact ggacgtttcc 6541 agattgtgaa taactctgtg aggttactga gatttgagct gtgctggcca gcgcattgcc 6601 tcacagtcac gccgcagcat ggatgtgtcg cgccagagag taaactacaa attcttgtga 6661 gtcctaattc ctccttatcc acaaaacagt caatgttccc gtggagtggt ttgatctata 6721 tacactgtga cgatggacag aagaaaattg tgaaagttca aattcgagaa gatttaactc 6781 aagtggaact tttaactcgt ttgacctcca aaccatttgg aattctttcc ccagtatctg 6841 agccttcagt tagtcatttg gtcaaaccaa tgacaaaacc gccttccaca aaagttgaaa 6901 taagaaacaa gagtattact tttcctacaa cagaacctgg tgaaacttca gagagctgtc 6961 tagaactcga gaatcatggc accacagacg tgaaatggca tctgtcatct ttagcgccac 7021 cttatgtcaa gggagttgat gaaagtggag atgtttttag agctacctat gcagcattca 7081 gatgttctcc tatttctggt ctgctggaaa gccatgggat ccaaaaagtc tccatcacat 7141 ttttgcccag aggtaggggg gattatgccc agttttggga tgttgaatgt caccctctta 7201 aggagcctca catgaaacac acgttgagat tccaactctc tggacaaagc atcgaagcag 7261 aaaatgagcc tgaaaacgca tgcctttcca cggattccct cattaaaata gatcatttag 7321 ttaagccccg aagacaagct gtgtcagagg cttctgctcg catacctgag cagcttgatg 7381 tgactgctcg tggagtttat gccccagagg atgtgtacag gttccggccg actagtgtgg 7441 gggaatcacg gacacttaaa gtcaatctgc gaaataattc ttttattaca cactcactga 7501 agtttttgag tcccagagag ccattctatg tcaaacattc caagtactct ttgagagccc 7561 agcattacat caacatgccc gtgcagttca aaccgaagtc cgcaggcaaa tttgaagctt 7621 tgcttgtcat tcaaacagat gaaggcaaga gtattgctat tcgactaatt ggtgaagctc 7681 ttggaaaaaa ttaactagaa tacatttttg tgtaaagtaa attacataag ttgtattttg 7741 ttaactttat ctttctacac tacaattatg cttttgtata tatattttgt atgatggata 7801 tctataattg tagattttgt ttttacaagc taatactgaa gactcgactg aaatattatg 7861 tatctagccc atagtattgt acttaacttt tacaggtgag aagagagttc tgtgtttgca 7921 ttgattatga tattctgaat aaatatggaa tatattttaa tgtggtatat ccagaaaaaa 7981 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa

In an embodiment, Cep192 gene product comprises the following sequence (SEQ ID NO:4):

MEDFRGIAEESFPSFLTNSLFGNSGILENVTLSSNLGLPVAVST LARDRSSTDNRYPDIQASYLVEGRFSVPSGSSPGSQSDAEPRERLQLSFQ DDDSISRKKSYVESQRLSNALSKQSALQMETAGPEEEPAGATESLQGQDL FNRASPLEQAQDSPIDFHLQSWMNNKEPKIVVLDAGKHFEDKTLKSDLSH TSLLENEKLILPTSLEDSSDDDIDDEMFYDDHLEAYFEQLAIPGMIYEDL EGPEPPEKGFKLPTNGLRQANENGSLNCKFQSENNSSLISLDSHSSETTH KESEESQVICLPGTSNSIGTGDSRRYTDGMLPFSSGTWGTEKEIENLKGI VPDLNSECASKDVLVKTLRAIDVKLNSDNFHDANANRGGFDLTDPVKQGA ECPHQNKTVLHMDGCLDTETPTVSIQENVDVASLKPISDSGINFTDAIWS PTCERRTCECHESIEKNKDKTDLPQSVVYQNEEGRWVTDLAYYTSFNSKQ NLNVSLSDEMNEDFRSGSEAFDLIAQDEEEFNKEHQFIQEENIDAHNTSV ALGDTSWGATINYSLLRKSRSTSDLDKDDASYLRLSLGEFFAQRSEALGC LGGGNNVKRPSFGYFIRSPEKREPIALIRKSDVSRGNLEKEMAHLNHDLY SGDLNEQSQAQLSEGSITLQVEAVESTSQVDENDVTLTADKGKTEDTFFM SNKPQRYKDKLPDSGDSMLRISTIASATAEASVNTDPSQLAAMIKALSNK TRDKTFQEDEKQKDYSHVRHFLPNDLEKSNGSNALDMEKYLKKTEVSRYE SALENFSRASMSDTWDLSLPKEQTTQDIHPVDLSATSVSVRAPEENTAAI VYVENGESENQESFRTINSSNSVTNRENNSAVVDVKTCSIDNKLQDVGND EKATSISTPSDSYSSVRNPRITSLCLLKDCEEIRDNRENQRQNECVSEIS NSEKHVTFENHRIVSPKNSDLKNTSPEHGGRGSEDEQESFRPSTSPLSHS SPSEISGTSSSGCALESFGSAAQQQQPPCEQELSPLVCSPAGVSRLTYVS EPESSYPTTATDDALEDRKSDITSELSTTIIQGSPAALEERAMEKLREKV PFQNRGKGTLSSTIQNNSDTRKATETTSLSSKPEYVKPDFRWSKDPSSKS GNLLETSEVGWTSNPEELDPIRLALLGKSGLSCQVGSATSHPVSCQEPID EDQRISPKDKSTAGREFSGQVSHQTTSENQCTPIPSSTVHSSVADMQNMP AAVHALLTQPSLSAAPFAQRYLGTLPSTGSTTLPQCHAGNATVCGFSGGL PYPAVAGEPVQNSVAVGICLGSNIGSGWMGTSSLCNPYSNTLNQNLLSTT KPFPVPSVGTNCGIEPWDSGVTSGLGSVRVPEELKLPHACCVGIASQTLL SVLNPTDRWLQVSIGVLSISVNGEKVDLSTYRCLVFKNKATIRPHATEET KVLFIPSSPGVFRCTFSVASWPCSTDAETTVQAEALASTVTLTATAESPV IEVETEKKDVLDFGDLTYGGWKALPLKLINRTHATVPIRLIINANAVAWR CFTFSKESVRAPVEVAPCADVVTRLAGPSVVNHMMPASYDGQDPEFLMIW VLFHSPKKQISSSDILDSAEEFSAKVDTEVDSPNPTPVLRSVSLRARAGI ARTHAPRDLQTMHFLAKVASSRKQHLPLKNAGNIEVYLDIKVPEQGSHFS VDPKNLLLKPGEEHEVIVSFTPKDPEACEERLKIFVQPFGPQYEVVLKGE VISSGSKPLSPGPCLDIPSILSNKQFLAWGGVPLGRTQLQKLALRNNSAS TTQHLRLLIRGQDQDCFQLQNTFGSEQRLTSNCEIRTHPKEDIFISVLFA PTRLSCMLARLEIKQLGNRSQPGIKFTIPLSGYGGTSNLILEGVKKLSDS YMVTVNGLVPGKESKIVFSVRNTGSRAAFVKAVGFKDSQKKVLLDPKVLR IFPDKFVLKERTQENVTLTYNPSDRGTNNKTATELSTVYLFGGDETSRQQ YRRALLHKPEMIKQILPEHSVLQNINFVEAFQDELLVTEVYDLPQRPNDV QLFYGSMCKIILSVIGEFRDCISSREFLQPSSKASLESTSDLGASGKHGG NVSLDVLPVKGPQGSPLLSRAARPPLDQLASEEPWTVLPEHLILVAPSPC DMAKTGRFQIVNNSVRLLRFELCWPAHCLTVTPQHGCVAPESKLQILVSP NSSLSTKQSMFPWSGLIYIHCDDGQKKIVKVQIREDLTQVELLTRLTSKP FGILSPVSEPSVSHLVKPMTKPPSTKVEIRNKSITFPTTEPGETSESCLE LENHGTTDVKWHLSSLAPPYVKGVDESGDVFRATYAAFRCSPISGLLESH GTQKVSITFLPRGRGDYAQFWDVECHPLKEPHMKHTLRFQLSGQSIEAEN EPENACLSTDSLIKIDHLVKPRRQAVSEASARIPEQLDVTARGVYAPEDV YRFRPTSVGESRTLKVNLRNNSFITHSLKFLSPREPFYVKHSKYSLRAQH YINMPVQFKPKSAGKFEALLVTQTDEGKSIAIRLTGEALGKN

The phrase “and/or” as used herein, with option A and/or option B for example, encompasses the individual embodiments of (i) option A alone, (ii) option B alone, and (iii) option A plus option B.

It is understood that wherever embodiments are described herein with the language “comprising,” otherwise analogous embodiments described in terms of “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are also provided.

Where aspects or embodiments of the invention are described in terms of a Markush group or other grouping of alternatives, the present invention encompasses not only the entire group listed as a whole, but each member of the group subjectly and all possible subgroups of the main group, but also the main group absent one or more of the group members. The present invention also envisages the explicit exclusion of one or more of any of the group members in the claimed invention.

All combinations of the various elements described herein are within the scope of the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

In the event that one or more of the literature and similar materials incorporated by reference herein differs from or contradicts this application, including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, described techniques, or the like, this application controls.

This invention will be better understood from the Experimental Details, which follow. However, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific methods and results discussed are merely illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims that follow thereafter.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Introduction

Cell motility is driven by a cycle of protrusion of the membrane at the cell front, adhesion of the protrusion to the substratum, contractility to move the cell body forward, and finally disadhesion at the rear. While the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in these events have been studied in detail (Ridley, Schwartz et al. 2003; Gardel, Schneider et al. 2010), much less is known about the specific contributions of microtubules. It is, however, clear that the microtubule cytoskeleton is required for the normal polarization and motility of many cell types and there is emerging evidence that it does so by exerting spatiotemporal control over actin dynamics/contractility and the delivery of membrane and signaling molecules to the cell periphery (Rodriguez, Schaefer et al. 2003; Small and Kaverina 2003; Watanabe, Noritake et al. 2005). Microtubules also contribute to cell migration by regulating the disassembly of focal adhesions (Broussard, Webb et al. 2008) (FAs). FAs are integrin-based macromolecular assemblies that link the actin cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix and thus anchor the cell to its substratum to provide traction for cell motility. The primary microtubule nucleating and organizing structure in the cell is the centrosome. Herein it is disclosed that Cep192 and Kif19 regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton.

While it would be difficult to raise the levels of a particular regulatory protein rapidly in relevant cells, it is far more tractable to lower the levels of a target protein through RNA interference (RNAi). The essence of this approach is to inhibit messenger RNA (mRNA) from coding for the synthesis of a target protein. There are various types of RNAi, such as plasmid-driven shRNA, which has the advantage of being targetable to certain cell populations and is generally long-lasting in terms of suppression of protein expression. shRNA generally requires a specialized transfection technique such as viral entry or electroporation. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) do not involve the use of a plasmid, are tiny and hence can more readily be introduced into cells, and offer more flexibility in terms of target sequences. siRNA can be handled and treated much like a drug and theoretically can interfere with the translation of almost any mRNA as long as the mRNA has a distinctive sequence. Therefore, siRNA has far broader flexibility than traditional drugs. A key to capitalizing on the therapeutic benefits of siRNA lies in effective delivery systems. Carriers such as nanoparticles have now become the approach of choice. Nanotechnology is broadly considered the study of manipulations of materials at the nanometer scale, roughly 1 to 500 nm. Materials at this scale possess a higher surface to volume ratio and, as a result, their physical properties tend to be different from materials at the macro or micro scale. Novel properties that result from such modifications have led to applications in fields such as catalysis, microelectronics, robotics and medicine. The medical and biological applications are particularly interesting because most biochemical processes, especially those involving macromolecules, occur at the lower end of the nano scale. Nanotechnology, therefore, holds the promise of being able to duplicate biochemical processes and directly alter these processes using man-made materials. With the progress of material synthesis and the rise of nanotechnology, the generation of nanomaterials with specific functions has become possible. In to, for example, solid tumors in humans.

To date, the reported liposomal and other nanoparticle based delivery vehicles for siRNA have involved systemic delivery. In contrast, a novel delivery approach disclosed herein is effective for both topical and systemic applications. One preferred embodiment of the platform is based on a hydrogel/sugar glass composite, or hybrid nanoparticle platform capable of encapsulating and controllably releasing a broad range of therapeutically relevant materials ranging from gaseous nitric oxide to peptides to larger macromolecules such as chemotherapeutic agents and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The versatility of this biocompatible and nontoxic platform has been shown in pre-clinical studies demonstrating: i) topical efficacy in clearing both Gram positive and negative cutaneous wound infections, accelerating wound healing, and promoting erectile activity; and ii) systemic efficacy in modulating cardiovascular parameters.

The data herein indicates that kif19 and Cep192 proteins exert profound regulatory control over the motility and/or growth characteristics of key cells required for wound closure, re-vascularization and re-innervation. Each protein can be targeted independently by different np-si to control a distinct aspect of the wound healing cascade. The nanoparticle platform can be very effective as a topical delivery vehicle for the siRNA. The preferred therapeutic platform technology is nanoparticle-encapsulated siRNAs (np-si) targeting the expression of CEP192 and KIF19 genes encoding regulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Without being bound be theory, it is understood that Kif19 np-si treatments inhibit fibroblast motility to reduce fibrosis/scarring. The Cep192 np-si treatment does similar, but also inhibits axonal growth to ameliorate the pain that results from premature axon sprouting into wounded tissue.

The nanoparticle delivery system bypasses pitfalls typically associated with therapeutic siRNA—for example, the ability to deliver therapeutic levels of siRNA to enhance the closure of surface wounds in vivo.

Example 1

Kif19 normally promotes cell motility by stimulating the disassembly of integrin-based adhesion complexes that link cells to the underlying extracellular matrix. siRNA-mediated depletion of Kif19 inhibits 1) cancer cell motility in vitro; 2) matrigel invasion of primary tumor cells ex vivo, 3) and movement of cells into excision wounds in mice.

FIG. 1 shows a confocal micrograph showing a human U2OS cell double labeled for Kif19 and the FA protein, vinculin. The far right panel is a higher magnification of the region boxed in “merge”. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the depletion of Kif19 from tissue culture cells induces an increase in focal adhesion size and stability. FIG. 2 shows regions of U2OS cells (human Osteosarcoma) immunostained for the focal adhesion protein vinculin. The depletion of Kif19 by siRNA induces a substantial increase in the size and number of focal adhesions particularly in the cell interior. A time series was obtained showing the assembly/disassembly dynamics of focal adhesions in GFP-vinculin expressing control and Kif19 siRNA-treated U2OS cells. In FIG. 3, panel A shows fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of GFP-vinculin labeled focal adhesions from control and Kif19 siRNA-treated U2OS cells. Panel B shows a representative fluorescence recovery plot from each condition. Panel C plots the density of focal adhesions in untreated cells (pre) and at various time points after nocodazole washout. Repolymerization of MTs after nocodazole washout was previously shown to stimulate focal adhesion disassembly (Ezratty, Partridge et al. 2005). The depletion of Kif19 prevents the disassembly of focal adhesions after nocodazole washout. The siRNA sequences used for Kif19 are as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 5) 5′-GGAAGUAAGCUCAGGAUCUCAGCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′-GUCCUUCAUUCGAGUCCUAUAGUCGUC-3′.

FIG. 4 shows siRNA depletion of Kif19 decreases the motility of cancer cells in vitro. Depletion of Kif19 prevents tumor cell invasion from anaplastic thyroid carcinomas embedded in matrigel. FIG. 5 shows an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma mouse model (Archiuch, Rousseau et al, Oncotarget, December 2011). Accounts for 40% of all thyroid cancer deaths and extremely metastatic. Nearly 100% lethality, median survival 4 months. Currently not treatable. Dissociated tumor is removed from mouse and bathed in nanoparticles containing control or Kif19 siRNA for 2-24 hrs. Tumors are then embedded in matrigel and imaged daily. Movement of cells from tumor into matrigel is considered invasion. Black dots moving away from the dark central mass are invasive tumor cells. Kif19 nanoparticle siRNA treatment reduces tumor cell invasion relative to controls.

Depletion of Kif19 was later confirmed to inhibit cell movement into mouse full thickness biopsy wounds as compared to control.

Kif-19 depolymerizes microtubules in vitro, as shown in FIG. 6 where a time-series of TIRF images shows a field of fluorescently-labeled taxol-stabilized microtubules incubated with purified recombinant full-length Kif19. The time from the first to last image is 5 minutes.

In summary, Kif19 is a microtubule depolymerizing enzyme in vitro that localizes to and stimulates the turnover of substrate adhesions in cells (FIG. 7A-D). siRNA depletion of Kif19 in human epithelial and fibroblast cell models nearly completely suppresses cell motility likely because these cells become too tightly attached to their underlying substratum. Kif19 is the first and, at present, only microtubule regulatory protein known to be housed within the substrate adhesion complex. Agents that suppress Kif19, such as Kif19 siRNA nanoparticles, can be used as a means to prevent fibrosis/scarring later in the wound healing process.

Example 2

Cep192 promotes cell motility via the nucleation of centrosomal microtubules. Cep192 is a centrosomal scaffolding protein required for the nucleation of microtubules from centrosomes. siRNA-mediated depletion of Cep192 inhibits 1) the motility of cancer cells and primary human keratinocytes in vitro; 2) matrigel invasion of primary tumor cells ex vivo; 3) axon outgrowth from primary neurons. This additionally identifies Cep192, over Kif19, as a therapeutic target for mitigation of pain after wounding.

The centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the animal cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. Centrosomes are composed of two orthogonally arranged centrioles surrounded by an amorphous mass of protein termed the pericentriolar material (PCM). The PCM contains proteins responsible for microtubule nucleation and anchoring.

Cep192 is a centrosome scaffolding protein required for centrosomal microtubule nucleation during mitosis (Gomez-Ferreria, Rath et al. 2007; Gomez-Ferreria and Sharp 2008). Disclosed herein is that Cep192 is also required for the nucleation of centrosomal microtubules in interphase cells. Depletion of Cep192 strongly suppresses the motility of both cancer and skin cells and thus Cep192 is a novel target for anti-metastatic and anti-fibrotic therapeutics. Additionally, depletion of Cep192 inhibits axon outgrowth from primary adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Thus, Cep192 can also be targeted to suppress excessive early axon sprouting known to be associated with pain.

Cep192 is found to localize to centrosomes in interphase cells and is required for normal microtubule organization (see FIG. 8). Cep192 was also found to stimulate microtubule nucleation from centrosomes (FIG. 9).

It was found that Cep192 is required for normal cell motility in vitro. FIG. 10 shows in 10A) time-lapse phase-contrast images of control and Cep192 siRNA treated U2OS cells from an in vitro wound healing assay. U2OS cells were plated into Ibidi Culture-Insert dishes following knockdown. In 10B), significantly fewer Cep192 depleted cells entered the wound zone relative to controls. P<0.0001. S.E.M. is depicted as vertical bars. FIG. 10C) shows time-lapse phase-contrast images of control and Cep192 siRNA treated HEKa (human epidermal keratinoctyes—adult) cells from an in vitro a wound healing assay. HEKa cells were plated into Ibidi Culture-Insert dishes following. 10D) Shows significantly fewer Cep192 depleted cells entered the wound zone relative to controls. P<0.0001. S.E.M. is depicted as vertical bars. The siRNA sequences used for Sep192 are as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′-CACAUGAUGCCUGCUAGUU-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′-GACACUUUCUUCAUGAGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′-GGACUUAAGUGCUACUAGU-3′.

Depletion of Cep192 prevents tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The effects on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma are shown in FIG. 11 and the effects on large cell lung tumor are shown in FIG. 12.

Depletion of Cep192 inhibits axon outgrowth from primary rat neurons. FIG. 13 shows fidgetin and Cep192 regulate axon regeneration. Images are immunofluorescence micrographs of primary adult rat DRG neurons treated with control, Fidgetin or Cep192 nanoparticle encapsulated siRNA. Cells were fixed 24 hours after plating and siRNA treatment. Bottom right panel shows the average axon length in each condition (longest process from each individual cell was measured; error bars are SEM). ***P<0.01; **P<0.05. In contrast to Fidgetin np-si, Cep192 np-si treatments suppress axon regrowth in adult DRG neurons—Cep192 and Fidgetin are likely functionally antagonistic in this regard. Agents that suppress Cep192, such as Cep192 np-si, can be used to suppress excessive early axon sprouting known to be associated with pain.

Example 3

Angiogenesis of fetal hearts 48 hours after treatment: As shown in FIG. 14, Cep192 siRNA-treated hearts two days after siRNA treatment have no apparent vessels. In the control, however, migrating endocaridal cells have penetrated the ventricular wall and formed a fine vascular network. Thus, the depletion of Cep192 dramatically inhibits the angiogenic process by the endocardial cells.

Methods

Np-si application for experiments: This can be performed by mixing the nanoparticles in either sterile saline or water to achieve the targeted concentration in no more than 10 ul aliquots. The solution is applied directly to the wound, or target area, where it is rapidly absorbed. Controls include i) non-specific siRNA nanoparticles and ii) water or saline alone. Two different treatment regimens are exemplified here: In regimen 1, np-si are administered daily beginning 30 minutes after wounding though day 8. In regimen 2, np-si are administered every other day beginning 30 minutes after wounding (day 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8).

Np-si formulation. For the nanoparticles a hydrogel-based nanoparticle platform is used. A final concentration of siRNA of 0.30 to 0.35 nmole per mg of dry nanoparticles is used in studies. siRNAs are anionic but cationic stabilization is preferred for nanoparticle encapsulation and siRNA stability. In an embodiment, the formulation utilizes the cationic polysaccharide chitosan as a stabilizing factor for the siRNA. The cationic character of the nanoparticles can be enhanced by doping the formulation with varying amounts of positively charged amino silanes.

PEGylation of the np-si: Increasing the size of PEG molecules incorporated into the formulation may increase the rate of release for siRNA (this is determined using fluorescent labeled siRNA). Post-preparative PEGylaton of the np-si can be means of further minimizing aggregation and improving in vivo lifetime. In an embodiment, the conjugation of functionalized PEG chains (PEG-500/PEG-3000/PEG-5000) to the surface of np-si in alcohol/water medium to minimize the leakage of siRNA from the particles is effected.

Wound healing determination: Photographs of the wounds are taken daily to follow gross visual wound healing as assessed by the area of the wound uncovered by the migrating epithelia. Each wound is measured daily using a caliper and the area is determined.

Morphometric analysis of wound sections: Wound re-epithelialization is measured in Hematoxylin and Eosin stained sections from the center of the wound. The distance between the wound edges, defined by the distance between the first hair follicle encountered at each end of the wound, and the distance that the epithelium had traversed into the wound, is analyzed using ImageJ. The percentage of re-epithelialization [(distance traversed by epithelium)/(distance between wound edges)×100] is calculated and averaged for two sections per wound.

Collagen deposition: Staining is performed using Masson's trichrome stain and the percentage of blue collagen-stained area relative to the total area of the wound bed after taking digital images. This is quantified by counting the number of pixels staining above a threshold intensity and normalizing to the total number of pixels.

Proliferation rate. To visualize cell proliferation, mice are injected intrapertonially (120 mg/kg BrdU (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)) 2-4 hrs. prior to sacrifice and cutaneous wounds are harvested for paraffin embedding and BrdU immunohistochemistry. Tissue sections will be deparaffinized and rehydrated through graded alcohols and incubated overnight at room temperature with a biotinylated monoclonal BrdU antibody (Zymed, South Francisco, Calif.).

Nuclear staining are visualized using Streptavidin-peroxidase and diaminobenzidine (DAB) and samples will be lightly counterstained with hematoxylin. Wound tissue from mice that were not injected with BrdU is used as a negative control. Digital photographs are taken at high (40-60×) magnification (Zeiss AxioHOME microscope) and epithelial cells sections are examined using ImageJ software and classified as BrdU positive if they grossly demonstrated brown-stained nuclei from DAB staining or as BrdU negative if they were blue stained. nuclei. The proliferation rate is then calculated as the percentage of BrdU positive cells over the total number of cells within the ROI.

Angiogenesis: Wound sections are stained using CD31 antibody (also called platelet-derived endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1). Digital images at 40× magnification covering the majority of the wound bed are taken and the percent area stained in each image are quantified by counting the number of pixels staining above a threshold intensity and normalizing to the total number of pixels. Threshold intensity will be set such that only clearly stained pixels are counted. Staining identified as artifact, large vessels, and areas deemed to be outside the wound bed will be excluded.

Reinnervation: Wound sections post injury days 7 and 14 will be stained for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), a pan-neuronal marker, and the sensory neuropeptides calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Nerve fiber growth into the wounds is compared between control and treated wounds,

Histopathology of epidermal stem cells and the stem cell niche at the hair bulge. For identification of epidermal stem cells in various cohorts of animals, immunohistochemistry is performed for the following markers of epidermal stem cells-CD34, Cytokeratin 15, Bmi1, Lrig1, Blimp1, Nestin, Lgr5, CD-200, β1-Integrin, according to published reports. The epidermal stem cell niche is characterized by immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) to detect epidermal myofibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells, ICAM-1 for endothelial cells, F4/80 for macrophages.

Methods for angiogenesis experiments: Hearts were dissected from embryonic day (E) 11.5 Nfatc1-Cre;eGFP embryos, bathed 2 hours with siRNA and placed onto a 3D matrigel supplement with 10 ng/ml VEGF-A. Images (e.g. see FIG. 14) were then taken every day to record the coronary angiogenesis by eGFP marked endocardial cells.

REFERENCES

-   Arciuch et al., “Thyrocyte-specific inactivation of p53 and Pten     results in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas faithfully recapitulating     human tumors,” Oncogene, Vol 2, No 12: 1109-1126 (2011). -   Broussard, J. A., D. J. Webb, et al. (2008). “Asymmetric focal     adhesion disassembly in motile cells.” Curr Opin Cell Biol 20(1):     85-90. -   Efimov, A. and I. Kaverina (2009). “Significance of microtubule     catastrophes at focal adhesion sites.” Cell Adh Migr 3(3): 285-287. -   Efimov, A., N. Schiefermeier, et al. (2008). “Paxillin-dependent     stimulation of microtubule catastrophes at focal adhesion sites.” J     Cell Sci 121(Pt 2): 196-204. -   Ezratty, E. J., M. A. Partridge, et al. (2005). “Microtubule-induced     focal adhesion disassembly is mediated by dynamin and focal adhesion     kinase.” Nat Cell Biol 7(6): 581-590. -   Gardel, M. L., I. C. Schneider, et al. (2010). “Mechanical     integration of actin and adhesion dynamics in cell migration.” Annu     Rev Cell Dev Biol 26: 315-333. -   Gomez-Ferreria, M. A., U. Rath, et al. (2007). “Human Cep192 is     required for mitotic centrosome and spindle assembly.” Current     biology: CB 17(22): 1960-1966. -   Gomez-Ferreria, M. A. and D. J. Sharp (2008). “Cep192 and the     generation of the mitotic spindle.” Cell cycle 7(11): 1507-1510. -   Ridley, A. J., M. A. Schwartz, et al. (2003). “Cell migration:     integrating signals from front to back.” Science 302(5651):     1704-1709. -   Rodriguez, O. C., A. W. Schaefer, et al. (2003). “Conserved     microtubule-actin interactions in cell movement and morphogenesis.”     Nat Cell Biol 5(7): 599-609. -   Small, J. V. and I. Kaverina (2003). “Microtubules meet substrate     adhesions to arrange cell polarity.” Curr Opin Cell Biol 15(1):     40-47. -   Watanabe, T., J. Noritake, et al. (2005). “Regulation of     microtubules in cell migration.” Trends Cell Biol 15(2): 76-83. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating metastasis or inhibiting metastasis in a subject having anaplastic thyroid carcinoma or large lung cell cancer or osteosarcoma comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 effective to treat metastasis or inhibit metastasis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma or large lung cell cancer or osteosarcoma, respectively, wherein the inhibitor of CEP192 is a siRNA directed to CEP192 or a shRNA directed to CEP192.
 2. A method of treating fibrosis or scarring, or inhibiting fibrosis or scarring, in a subject comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 effective to treat fibrosis or scarring, or inhibit fibrosis or scarring, wherein the inhibitor of CEP192 is a siRNA directed to CEP192 or a shRNA directed to CEP192.
 3. A method of treating pain associated with wound healing in a subject having a wound comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of CEP192 effective to treat pain associated with wound healing, wherein the inhibitor of CEP192 is a siRNA directed to CEP192 or a shRNA directed to CEP192.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the CEP192 is a human CEP192.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the siRNA is administered.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the shRNA is administered.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the siRNA is administered as a composition comprising the siRNA associated with a nanoparticle.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the shRNA is administered as a composition comprising the shRNA encapsulated with a nanoparticle.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the nanoparticle is PEGylated.
 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the siRNA is administered as a viral vector.
 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the shRNA is administered as a viral vector.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is an osteosarcoma.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is large cell lung cancer.
 15. The method of claim 2, wherein the fibrosis is in response to an injury.
 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the fibrosis is a fibroma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, from a previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis of the lungs, a complication of pneumoconiosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's disease fibrosis, keloid fibrosis, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis of skin or lungs, arthrofibrosis or adhesive capsulitis fibrosis.
 17. The method of claim 2, wherein the scarring is skin scarring, cardiovascular scarring, cardiac tissue scarring or neuronal scarring.
 18. The method of claim 3, wherein the wound is a skin wound, cardiovascular wound, cardiac tissue scarring or neuronal wound. 